Principles of electrochemical measurements - Fundamental terms and definitions.Potentiometry - Electrodes and cells: equilibria at the interface; the electrode potential; indicatory and reference electrodes; the hydrogen electrode; metal oxide electrodes; the electrode cells; Donnan potential, membrane potential, junction potential. Glass electrode and pH measurement: configurations of glass electrode, its properties and applications; standard solutions for pH measurements, primary and secondary buffers; practical procedures of pH measurements. Ion-selective electrodes: classification and construction of ISEs; Nikolskii-Eisenmann equation and the selectivity coefficients; types of ISEs and pX measurements; typical applications of ISEs. Direct potenciometry and potentiometric titrations: cell configurations and indication of titrations based on acidobasic equlibria, redox-processes, and complex and ion-pair formation, examples; direct measurements utilising calibration curves; standard addition methods; evaluation of potentiometric curves and of the end-points.Polarography and voltammetry - Basic principles and instrumentation. Polarisation and depolarisation processes: diffusion and convection, capacitance and migration, polarographic and voltammetric currents, Ilkovich equation, I-E curves and their evaluation (the half-wave and half-peak potentials, limiting diffusion current). Working electrodes in polarographic and voltammetric measurements: mercury dropping electrode (DME), hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), other types of electrodes and sensors. Reference and auxiliary electrodes. Classical polarography, modern voltammetry and related techniques. Selected applications of both polarography and voltammetry for the determination of anorganic and organic compounds, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Modern trends in voltammetry and related measurements: pulse voltammetry, electrochemical stripping analysis, amperometric sensors and biosensors. Electrogravimetry a coulometry - Principles of measurements: electric charge and Faraday law. Basic instrumentation and electrodes in both electrogravimetry and coulometry. Constant potential- and constant current coulometry: principles and typical applications.Conductometry - Electric conductivity and electric resistance in solutions, Ohmic law. Direct conductometry, conductometric titrations in simultaneous determination of strong and weak acid.Electrochemical studies on chemical equilibria and the electrode processes - Electro-chemical diagnostic methods.Some advances and trends in electrochemical analysis - New electroanalytical techniques and sensors; new instrumentation: miniaturisation and computerisation; actual topics of analysis.
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