| MULTIPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE: compound, complex and compound-complex sentence; relations of clauses within the sentence  coordination and subordination NOMINAL CLAUSES: object clauses, direct and indirect speech, backshift, subject and complement clauses, nominal relative and appositive clauses; raising RELATIVE CLAUSES: adnominal, sentential, nominal; restrictive, non-restrictive; appositive clauses ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: position, semantic relations to other clauses within the sentence; comparison with their Czech equivalents SENTENCE MANIPULATION: ellipsis, substitution, condensation; absolute structures; unattached participle NON-FINITE VERB FORMS AS SENTENCE ELEMENTS: syntactic roles of the infinitive, its grammatical categories; Czech equivalents GERUND AND PARTICIPLES: nominal and verbal features of gerund; syntactic functions of all the -ing forms and -ed participle; varieties of Czech translation STRUCTURING INFORMATION: principles of functional sentence perspective; theme (topic), rheme (focus), transition, communicative dynamism, grammatical and lexical means  passive structures, existential sentences, structural variations HIGHLIGHTING STRUCTURES: changing the position of thematic and rhematic parts of sentences; Czech counterparts PUNCTUATION: full stop, comma, colon, semicolon, etc. 
 
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