Introduction to the trace analysis. Definition of terms, areas of application, types of samples, problems of trace analysis. Sensitivity, limits of detection and quantification, statistical evaluation of results and methods. Good laboratory practice. Systematic control of methods and results; standards, reference materials and their preparation. Purity of chemicals. Types of samples and their sampling, storage and preprocessing of samples before analysis. Extraction and purification techniques. Extraction by liquid. Extraction distillation, codistillation. Solid phase extraction, experimental setup, sorbents. Supercritical fluid extraction. Derivatization. Experimental setup, reasons for derivatization in HPLC and GC, examples. Instrumental methods in trace analysis: chromatography, spectral methods, electrochemical methods, radiochemical methods. Hyphenation of separation and spectral methods. Introduction, reasons for hyphenation and information quality of results. Classical tests, immunologic, enzymatic and biologic methods, application of optical and other sensors. Analysis of technical samples, water, air and gases, food, agricultural samples, soils, physiological samples, clinical and forensic analysis. Local analysis of selected classes of compounds (N-nitrosoamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzodioxims and dibenzofurans).
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