Principles of metabolic regulation, levels, mechanisms (kinetic, effectors, end product regulation, allostery, cooperativity, Hill equation). Shuttles - malate-aspartate, glycerol phosphate. Pyruvate-malate cycle. Metabolism of lipids. Cleavage of acylglycerols. Carnitine function. -oxidation, degradation of glycerol. Synthesis of fatty acids, glycerol, acylglycerols, phospholipids. Ketonic substances. Citrate cycle, glyoxylate cycle. Respiratory chain - complexes I-IV. Protonmotive force, transmembrane potential. Oxidative (membrane) phosphorylation. ATP synthesis. Metabolism of saccharides. Anaerobic glycolysis, alcohol and lactic acid fermentation. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis. Pentose cycle. Metabolism of fructose and glactose. Cori cycle. Cleavage and biosynthesis of polysaccharides. Photosynthesis. Light phase - photosynthetic dyes, components of electron transfer, ATP synthesis mechanism. Light phase equation and its balance. Dark phase - Calvin cycle, RUBISCO, mechanism of CO2 fixation. Photosynthetic organisms. Metabolism of proteins, cleavage of proteins, importance of proteases. Degradation of aminoacids - transamination, decarboxylation, deamination, aldol cleavage, degradation of carbon skeletons. Synthesis of amino acids. Nitrogen excretion. Importance of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase. Ammonia assimilation. Urea cycle - mechanism, balance, connection to other metabolic pathways. Metabolism of porphyrins. Degradation of hemoglobin - degradation of heme, bile dyes. Synthesis of porphyrins. Metabolism of nucleic acids. Degradation of nucleic acids - phosphodiesterases, nucleases, nucleotidases, nucleosidases. Degradation of purine and pyrimidine bases. Uric acid. Synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. Special metabolic pathways. Metabolism of isoprenoids, carotenoids, steroids. Molecular motors (actin, myosin, kinesin). Synapses and neurotransmitters. Basics of functional biochemistry. Typical processes and peculiarities of organ metabolism, physiological aspects of biochemical reactions.
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Korecká, Lucie. Obecná biochemie : pro speciální chemicko-biologické obory. Pardubice: Univerzita Pardubice, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7395-470-3.
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LEDVINA, M.; STOKLASOVÁ, A.; CERMAN, J. Biochemie pro studující medicíny I+II. Praha: Karolinum, 2011.
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Štěpánková Š. Obecná biochemie. Pardubice, 2020. ISBN 978-80-7560-342-5.
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ŠTERN P. a KOL. Obecná a klinická biochemie pro bakalářské obory studia, Nakladatelství Karolinum 2005.
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