Chemical composition of the cell - biogenic elements, inorganic substances, low-molecular organic substances, biomacromolecules. Proteins - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, structure, overview of functions in the organism. Carbohydrates - monosaccharides, glycosidic bond, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides. Polysaccharides: structure, properties, structural and storage polysaccharides. Lipids - composition, structure and function. Nucleic acids - structure and physical-chemical properties. Types of nucleic acids and their functions. Basic characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Comparison of bacteria, archaea and eukaryote cells, types of eukaryotic cells. Biomembranes - arrangement of lipid and protein molecules in biomembranes, asymmetry of biomembranes. Fluid mosaic model, lipid rafts. Transport of substances across membranes. Molecular structure and function of cell junctions. Subcellular compartmentation of the eukaryotic cell. Cell organelles and their biochemical functions. Endomembrane system of the cell - components, vesicular transport, protein sorting, exocytosis and endocytosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - modification and quality control of proteins in the ER, controlled degradation of proteins in the ER. Golgi apparatus (GA) - modification of proteins in GA. Endosomes, lysosomes and peroxisomes - structure and basic function. Mitochondria and plastids - structure, semiautonomy, endosymbiotic theory, genome of mitochondria and plastids. Biochemical principles of energy acquisition in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Cytoskeleton - microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, MTOC, molecular motors. Nucleus - structure, function, structure and organization of chromatin, nucleosomes. DNA replication - phases and mechanisms of DNA replication, Okazaki fragments, DNA repair. Transcription - stages, editing of the primary transcript. Translation - progress, ribosome structure, genetic code, post-translational modifications. Regulation of gene expression. Cell cycle: phases, cell cycle biochemistry (cyclins, CDK, CAK), principles of regulation. Cell reproduction: mitosis, meiosis and cytokinesis. Malignant transformation of cells. Apoptosis - morphological manifestations, biochemistry of apoptosis, internal and external pathway of activation, caspases, BCL-2 proteins. Viruses - characteristics, structure and shape of the virion. Reproduction of viruses in host cells. Basic classification of viruses. Prions. Spermiogenesis and oogenesis. Fertilization.
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